Endangered Animal Pictures Biography
Peter Edgerly Firchow and Peter Davison consider that in real life, with events in Animal Farm mirroring those in the Soviet Union, the Battle of the Windmill represents the Great Patriotic War (World War II),[50] especially the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Moscow.[51] During the battle, Fredrick drills a hole and places explosives inside, and then "All the animals, including Napoleon" took cover; Orwell had the publisher alter this to "All the animals except Napoleon" in recognition of Joseph Stalin's decision to remain in Moscow during the German advance.[52] This very particular alteration had been occasioned by Orwell having been in Paris in March 1945, working as a war correspondent for the Observer and the Manchester Evening News. In Paris he met Joseph Czapski, a survivor of the Katyn Massacre. In spite of Czapski's opposition to the Soviet regime, he told Orwell, as Orwell wrote to Arthur Koestler, that it had been "the character [and] greatness of Stalin" that saved Russia from the German invasion.[53]The Battle of the Cowshed represents the allied invasion of the Soviet Russia in 1918,[51] and the defeat of the White Russians in the Russian Civil War.[50]
Front row (left to right): Rykov, Skrypnyk, and Stalin—'When Snowball comes to the crucial points in his speeches he is drowned out by the sheep (Ch. V), just as in the party Congress in 1927 [above], at Stalin's instigation 'pleas for the opposition were drowned in the continual, hysterically intolerant uproar from the floor'.[54]
Other connections that writers have suggested illustrate Orwell's telescoping of Russian history from 1917 to 1943[55] include the wave of rebelliousness that ran through the countryside after the Rebellion, which stands for the abortive revolutions in Hungary and in Germany (Ch IV); the conflict between Napoleon and Snowball (Ch V), paralleling "the two rival and quasi-Messianic beliefs that seemed pitted against one another: Trotskyism, with its faith in the revolutionary vocation of the proletariat of the West; and Stalinism with its glorification of Russia's socialist destiny";[56] Napoleon's dealings with Whymper and the Willingdon markets (Ch VI), paralleling the Treaty of Rapallo; and Frederick's bank notes, paralleling the Hitler-Stalin non-aggression pact of August 1939, which are forgeries. Frederick attacks Animal Farm without warning and destroys the windmill.[17]
The book's close, with the pigs and men in a kind of rapprochement, reflected Orwell's view of the 1943 Teheran Conference[57] that seemed to display the establishment of "the best possible relations between the USSR and the West"—but in reality were destined, as Orwell presciently predicted, to continue to unravel.[58] The disagreement between the allies and the start of the Cold War is suggested when Napoleon and Pilkington, both suspicious, "played an ace of spades simultaneously".[59]
Adaptations
A BBC radio version, produced by Rayner Heppenstall, was broadcast in January 1947. Orwell listened to the production at his home in Canonbury Square in London, with Hugh Gordon Porteous, amongst others. Orwell later wrote to Heppenstall that Porteous, "who had not read the book, grasped what was happening after a few minutes."[60] A further radio production, again using Orwell's own dramatisation of the book, was broadcast in January 2013 on BBC Radio Four. Tamsin Greig narrated and the cast included Nicky Henson as Napoleon, Toby Jones as the propagandist Squealer, and Ralph Ineson as Boxer.[61]
Animal Farm has been adapted to film twice. The 1954 Animal Farm film was an animated feature and the 1999 Animal Farm film was a TV live action version. Both differ from the novel, and have been accused of taking significant liberties, including sanitising some aspects. In the 1954 version, Napoleon is apparently overthrown in a second revolution. The 1999 film shows Napoleon's regime collapsing in on itself, with the farm having new human owners, as happened in the Soviet Union, appropriating the new political reality to the story. In 2012, a HFR-3D version of Animal Farm potentially directed by Andy Serkis was announced.[62]
A theatrical version, with music by Richard Peaslee and lyrics by Adrian Mitchell, was staged at the National Theatre London on 25 April 1984, directed by Peter Hall. It toured nine cities in 1985.[63] A solo version, adapted and performed by Guy Masterson, premièred at the Traverse Theatre Edinburgh in January 1995 and has toured worldwide since.[64]
Cultural references
Main article: Animal Farm in popular culture
References to the novel are frequent in other works of popular culture, particularly in popular music and television series.
Editions
LCCN 46006290 (hardcover, 1946, First American Edition)
ISBN 0-451-51679-6 (paperback, 1956, Signet Classic)
ISBN 0-582-02173-1 (paper text, 1989)
ISBN 0-15-107255-8 (hardcover, 1990)
ISBN 0-582-06010-9 (paper text, 1991)
ISBN 0-679-42039-8 (hardcover, 1993)
ISBN 0-606-00102-6 (prebound, 1996)
ISBN 0-15-100217-7 (hardcover, 1996, Anniversary Edition)
ISBN 0-452-27750-7 (paperback, 1996, Anniversary Edition)
ISBN 0-451-52634-1 (mass market paperback, 1996, Anniversary Edition)
ISBN 0-582-53008-3 (1996)
ISBN 1-56000-520-3 (cloth text, 1998, Large Type Edition)
ISBN 0-7910-4774-1 (hardcover, 1999)
ISBN 0-451-52536-1 (paperback, 1999)
ISBN 0-7641-0819-0 (paperback, 1999)
ISBN 0-8220-7009-X (e-book, 1999)
ISBN 0-7587-7843-0 (hardcover, 2002)
ISBN 0-15-101026-9 (hardcover, 2003, with Nineteen Eighty-Four)
ISBN 0-452-28424-4 (paperback, 2003, Centennial Edition)
ISBN 0-8488-0120-2 (hardcover)
ISBN 0-03-055434-9 (hardcover) Animal Farm with Connections
ISBN 0-395-79677-6 (hardcover) Animal Farm & Related Readings, 1997
ISBN 0-582-43447-5 (hardcover, 2007)
ISBN 0-14-103349-5 (paperback, 2007)
On 17 July 2009, Amazon.com withdrew certain Amazon Kindle titles, including Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell, from sale, refunded buyers, and remotely deleted items from purchasers' devices after discovering that the publisher lacked rights to publish the titles in question.[65] Notes and annotations for the books made by users on their devices were also deleted.[66] After the move prompted outcry and comparisons to Nineteen Eighty-Four itself, Amazon spokesman Drew Herdener stated that the company is "[c]hanging our systems so that in the future we will not remove books from customers' devices in these circumstances."[67]
See also
History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)
History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)
New class
Polish Nobel laureate Władysław Reymont, with his Revolt, anticipated by two decades Orwell's Animal Farm.
Books:
Gulliver's Travels, a favourite book of Orwell's—Swift reverses the role of horses and human beings in the fourth book—Orwell brought also to Animal Farm "a dose of Swiftian misanthropy, looking ahead to a time 'when the human race had finally been overthrown.'"[68]
Bunt (Revolt), published in 1924, is a book by Polish Nobel laureate Władysław Reymont with a theme similar to Animal Farm's.
White Acre vs. Black Acre, published in 1856 and written by William M. Burwell, is a satirical novel that features allegories for slavery in the United States similar to Animal Farm's portrayal of Soviet history.
George Orwell's own Nineteen Eighty-Four, the classic dystopian novel about totalitarianism.
Notes
Jump up ^ BBC Learning Zone, Animal Farm
Jump up ^ Orwell, George. "Why I Write" (1936) (The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 – An Age Like This 1945–1950 p. 23 (Penguin))
Jump up ^ Orwell, writing in his review of Franz Borkenau's The Spanish Cockpit in Time and Tide, 31 July 1937, and "Spilling the Spanish Beans", New English Weekly, 29 July 1937
^ Jump up to: a b c d Davison 2000.
Jump up ^ Bradbury, Malcolm, Introduction, p. vi, Animal Farm, Penguin edition, 1989
Jump up ^ History Today Vol.55, Issue 8, 2005
Jump up ^ Dickstein, Morris. Cambridge Companion to Orwell, p. 134
Jump up ^ Grossman & Lacayo 2005.
Jump up ^ Orwell, George (1946). Animal Farm. London: Penguin Group. p. 21.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rodden, John "Introduction", in: John Rodden (ed.), Understanding Animal Farm, Westport/London (1999), p. 5f.
^ Jump up to: a b According to Christopher Hitchens, "the persons of Lenin and Trotsky are combined into one [i.e., Snowball], or, it might even be [...] to say, there is no Lenin at all." (Hitchens, Christopher. Why Orwell Matters, Basic Books (2002), p. 186f).
Jump up ^ Orwell 1979, p. 15, chapter II.
Jump up ^ Quéval, Jean (1981). La ferme des animaux (in French) (Folio ed.). Edition Gallimard. ISBN 978-2-07-037516-5.
Jump up ^ "The Fall of Mister Jones and the Russian Revolution of 1917". Shmoop University. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "SparkNotes " Literature Study Guides " Animal Farm " Chapter VIII". SparkNotes LLC. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Scheming Frederick and how Hitler Broke the Non-Aggression Pact". Shmoop University. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Meyers, Readers Guide to Orwell, p. 141
Jump up ^ Bloom, Harold (2009). Bloom's Modern Critical Interpretations: Animal Farm - New Edition (1st ed.). Infobase Publishing. ISBN 1604135824. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Orwell, George (1946). Animal Farm. New York: The New American Library. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4193-6524-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Cambridge Companion to Orwell, p. 141
Jump up ^ The Lost Orwell, p. 236
^ Jump up to: a b p. 47 of book
^ Jump up to: a b Orwell 1947.
Jump up ^ Overy, Richard, Why the Allies Won, p. 297 ISBN 0-393-03925-0
^ Jump up to: a b Dag 2004.
Jump up ^ Orwell 1976 page 25 La libertà di stampa
Jump up ^ Richard Brooks, "TS Eliot's snort of rejection for Animal Farm", Sunday Times, 29 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Eliot, Valery (6 January 1969). "T.S. Eliot and Animal Farm: Reasons for Rejection". The Times (UK). Retrieved 8 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Peter Davison, editorial note, Orwell, Collected Works, I Have Tried to Tell the Truth,p.156
^ Jump up to: a b "The whitewashing of Stalin". BBC News. 11 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Taylor 2003, p. 337.
^ Jump up to: a b Orwell Subverted, Daniel J. Leab, Penn State Press, 2007 p. 3
Jump up ^ The Lost Orwell, p. 210; The Mitrokhin Archive, The KGB in Europe and the West, Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, p. 158
Jump up ^ Gordievsky, Oleg. KGB: The Inside Story, 1991, p. 325
Jump up ^ George Orwell, A Personal Memoir, T. R. Fyvel, p. 139
Jump up ^ Struve, Gleb. Telling the Russians, written for the Russian journal New Russian Wind, reprinted in Remembering Orwell, p.260-261
Jump up ^ Smothered Under Journalism, p.123 & I Belong to the Left, p.313-314
Jump up ^ Bailey83221 (Bailey83221 includes a preface and two cites: 26 August 1995 The Guardian page 28; 1995-08-26 New Statesman & Society 8 (366): 11. ISSN: 0954-2361)
^ Jump up to: a b c Orwell page 15. introduction by Bernard Crick
^ Jump up to: a b c Orwell, George. "The Freedom of the Press: Orwell's Proposed Preface to 'Animal Farm'". Retrieved 9 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Soule, G. (2 September 1946). "Orwell's Fables". The New Republic, pp. 266–267.[unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Orwell, Collected Works, I Belong to the Left, p.253
Jump up ^ Rodden, John (1999). Understanding Animal Farm: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historical Documents. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0-313-30201-5. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Carr, Craig L. (14 October 2010). Orwell, Politics, and Power. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-1-4411-5854-3. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Orwell, George. A Life in Letters, Penguin ISBN 978-0-141-19263-5 p. 334
Jump up ^ Crick, Bernard. Orwell, A Life, p. 450
Jump up ^ Orwell, Letter to Dwight Macdonald, 5 December 1946, A Life in Letters, p.334 Penguin 2011
Jump up ^ Orwell Subverted, 6–7 Daniel Leab, Penn State Press 2007
Jump up ^ Cambridge Companion to George Orwell, p. 135, CUP 2007
^ Jump up to: a b Peter Edgerly Firchow, Modern Utopian Fictions from H.G. Wells to Iris Murdoch (2008), 102.
^ Jump up to: a b Peter Hobley Davison, George Orwell (1996), 161.
Jump up ^ A Reader's Guide to George Orwell, Jeffrey Meyers, Thames & Hudson, p. 142
Jump up ^ A Note on the Text, Peter Davison, Animal Farm, Penguin edition 1989, p. xx
Jump up ^ Isaac Deutscher, Stalin, p. 311, Jeffrey Meyers, A Readers Guide to George Orwell, p. 138
Jump up ^ Jeffrey Meyers, A Readers Guide to George Orwell, p. 135. In the Preface to Animal Farm Orwell noted however, 'although various episodes are taken from the actual history of the Russian Revolution, they are dealt with schematically and their chronological order is changed.'
Jump up ^ Isaac Deutscher, quoted in Jeffrey Meyers, Readers Guide to George Orwell, p. 138
Jump up ^ Preface to the Ukrainian edition of Animal Farm,reprinted in Orwell:Collected Works, It Is What I Think p.89
Jump up ^ Orwell Subverted, p. 7, Daniel J. Leab, Penn State Press 2007.
Jump up ^ Jeffrey Meyers, A Reader's Guide to George Orwell p. 142
Jump up ^ The Lost Orwell, edited by Peter Davison, p. 112
Jump up ^ Radio Times, 26 January-1 February 2013
Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn (19 October 2012). "Andy Serkis to Direct Adaptation of 'Animal Farm'". hollywoodreporter.com. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Orwell, A Life in Letters, Penguin Books 2011, p. 341
Jump up ^ Lancashire Telegraph, 25 January 2013 [1] Theatre Tours International [2]
Jump up ^ Pogue, David (17 July 2009). "Some E-Books Are More Equal Than Others". Pogue.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Stone, Brad (18 July 2009). "Amazon Erases Orwell Books From Kindle". The New York Times. pp. B1.
Jump up ^ Fried, Ina (17 July 2009). "Amazon says it won't repeat Kindle book recall". News.cnet.com. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Cambridge Companion to Orwell, p. 135
References
Bailey83221 (12 May 2006). "Animal Farm suppression". LiveJournal.
Bott, George (1968) [1958]. Selected Writings. London, Melbourne, Toronto, Singapore, Johannesburg, Hong Kong, Nairobi, Auckland, Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books. pp. 13–14, 23. ISBN 978-0-435-13675-8.
Dag, O. (19 December 2004). "George Orwell: The Freedom of the Press". orwell.ru. Archived from the original on 6 March 2005. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
Davison, Peter (2000). "George Orwell: Animal Farm: A Fairy Story: A Note on the Text". England: Penguin Books. Archived from the original on 12 December 2006.
doollee.com. "Wooldridge Ian - playwright". Archived from the original on 7 May 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
Grossman, Lev; Lacayo, Richard (2005). "All-Time 100 Novels". TIME magazine. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
Hitchens, Christopher (2000). Unacknowledged Legislation: Writers in the Public Sphere. Verso. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-85984-786-2. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
Lowe, Christian, ed. (10 March 2006). "Defense Tech: CIA, Movie Producer". Retrieved 31 July 2008.
Critical Essays: Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution. CliffsNotes. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
Orwell, George (March 1947). "Preface to the Ukrainian Edition of Animal Farm".
Orwell, George (1979) [First published by Martin Secker & Warburg 1945; published in Penguin Books 1951]. Animal Farm. England: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-000838-8.
Orwell, George (June 1976). La fattoria degli animali (in Italian). Bruno Tasso (translator) (1st ed.). Italy: Oscar Mondadori. pp. 15, 20. (Bernard Crick's preface quotes Orwell writing to T. S. Eliot about Cape's suggestion to find another animal than pigs to represent the Bolsheviks)
Taylor, David John (2003). Orwell: The Life. H. Holt. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-8050-7473-4.
Wooldridge, Ian. "Ian Wooldridge - Animal Farm". Archived from the original on 27 June 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
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